Ohio Default Judgment Vacatur Rules
Ohio generally follows the federal 1-year framework for vacating default judgments under Ohio R. Civ. P. 60(B). After the 1-year window, limited relief remains for void judgments, jurisdictional defects, or fraud.
| Rule | Ohio Standard |
|---|---|
| Primary rule citation | Ohio R. Civ. P. 60(B) |
| Answer deadline (from service) | 28 days |
| Window to vacate (ordinary) | 1 year (60(B)(1)-(3)) |
| Window for void judgment | reasonable time (4-5) |
Ohio's GTE Automatic Electric v. ARC Industries three-part test is the governing standard.
How Ohio Courts Evaluate Your Motion
(1) Timely motion; (2) meritorious defense; (3) one of the enumerated grounds.
The universal thread across most Ohio cases: you must show both a procedural excuse (why you did not answer) and a meritorious defense (why you should have won). One without the other rarely succeeds.
- Excusable neglect. Genuine accident, illness, or service failure -- not mere forgetfulness or choice to ignore.
- Meritorious defense. SOL, lack of contract, wrong defendant, paid debt, or FDCPA violation. See the full list.
- Prompt motion. Ohio courts penalize delay. File immediately after learning of the judgment.
- No prejudice to plaintiff. The longer you wait, the more the plaintiff has relied on the judgment.
Debt Collector Failure to Appear -- Ohio Rules
If the collector or plaintiff fails to appear at a required hearing in Ohio, you can often move for dismissal with prejudice. The cure rules flip in this scenario:
- Status hearing no-show. Most Ohio courts enter a dismissal for lack of prosecution after one or two missed appearances.
- Garnishment hearing no-show. The writ is quashed and any withheld wages may be ordered returned.
- Evidence hearing no-show. If the collector cannot produce a live witness with personal knowledge of the account, the court may sua sponte dismiss.
Many junk-debt buyers lose on failure-to-appear alone because they cannot produce a live witness with knowledge of the original account. Always demand a live witness and attend every hearing.
Improper Service in Ohio -- The Strongest Ground
Service defects are the most common -- and strongest -- ground to vacate in Ohio. When service was never properly made, the default judgment is void (not merely voidable), which means it can be attacked at any time under most state rules, not just within the ordinary vacatur window.
Common service defects in Ohio:
- "Sewer service" -- process server lies about delivery and you never receive the summons.
- Service on wrong address after you moved.
- Substitute service on someone not authorized to accept (e.g., minor child, ex-spouse, neighbor).
- Publication service without exhausting personal-service attempts.
- Service on a co-defendant rather than you directly.
See improper-service defense deep dive for the affidavit template and evidentiary burden.
Ohio Federal Bankruptcy Data
When a default judgment cannot be vacated, bankruptcy's automatic stay freezes collection and discharges the underlying debt. These FJC numbers show how Ohio debtors use the bankruptcy remedy.
Numbers below come from the Federal Judicial Center Integrated Database covering 3,971 consumer bankruptcy cases from Ohio's federal bankruptcy courts.
| Chapter | Cases Filed | Discharge Rate | Dismissal Rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chapter 7 | 3,535 | 97.7% | 1.8% |
| Chapter 13 | 436 | 51.1% | 48.9% |
Rates computed on resolved cases only. Source: FJC Integrated Database.
Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Fraud in Ohio
Ohio distinguishes extrinsic fraud (cognizable as void-judgment attack, no time limit in most states) from intrinsic fraud (subject to the ordinary vacatur window).
- Extrinsic fraud - fraud on the court that prevented you from presenting your defense. Example: the plaintiff lied about your address to prevent service.
- Intrinsic fraud - fraud in the evidence or pleadings presented. Example: the plaintiff attached a forged contract. Subject to the 1 year (60(B)(1)-(3)) window in Ohio.
Extrinsic fraud is the stronger path in Ohio because it is generally not subject to the ordinary time bar.
When Bankruptcy Resolves the Underlying Debt
If you cannot vacate the default judgment in Ohio, bankruptcy often remains viable:
- Chapter 7 discharges the underlying debt, making the judgment unenforceable as to you personally.
- Chapter 13 treats the judgment as a general unsecured claim paid pro rata through the plan.
- Judgment lien avoidance under 11 U.S.C. Section 522(f) strips judgment liens that impair your homestead exemption.
Check 1328(f) refiling screener and the Ohio means test to see if you qualify.